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The Science and Art of Using Health Behavior Theories Reflect

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Key Constructs

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is an interpersonal level theory adult by Albert Bandura that emphasizes the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments.

This interaction is demonstrated by the construct called Reciprocal Determinism. Every bit seen in the figure below, personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior continuously collaborate through influencing and being influenced by each other.

How to employ Reciprocal Determinism: Consider multiple ways to change beliefs; for example, targeting both cognition and attitudes, and also making a change in the environs.

Key Constructs

Issue Expectations

  • Definition: Beliefs almost the likelihood and value of the consequences of behavioral choices.
  • Instance: A written report designed to determine the extent to which positive result expectations and self-efficacy influence disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners examined these consequence expectations:
    • I believe my partner(southward) will reject me if I tell him/her that I am HIV-positive.
    • I believe that my partner(southward) will not trust me if I tell him/her that I am HIV-positive.
    • I fright being rejected by my sex partner(s) if I tell him/her that I am HIV positive.

      • Response was indicated on a four-point scale: 4 = strongly agree, three = somewhat agree, 2 = somewhat disagree, i = strongly disagree.

  • How to use information technology: Demonstrate positive outcomes of performing a desired behavior.

For more data: Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Pedlow CT, Grant I. Disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners: an awarding of Social Cerebral Theory.Behavior Therapy 1999; thirty, 223-237.

Self-Efficacy

  • Definition: Confidence or belief in one's power to perform a given behavior. Self-efficacy is task-specific, pregnant that self-efficacy tin increase or decrease based on the specific chore at paw, even in related areas.
  • Example: A study designed to determine the extent to which positive outcome expectations and self-efficacy influenced disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners examined these aspects of cocky-efficacy [1]:
    • I can bring up the topic of my HIV-positive serostatus with any sexual partner.
    • I can disclose my HIV-positive serostatus to all partners before nosotros engage in sex.
    • I tin can handle any sexual partner'south reaction to my HIV-positive serostatus disclosure.

      • Response was indicated on a four-point scale: iv = strongly agree, 3 = somewhat hold, 2 = somewhat disagree, ane = strongly disagree.

  • How to use information technology: Pause down behavior modify into small, measurable steps. Allow intervention participants to recognize and celebrate pocket-sized successes forth the path to larger behavior modify.

For more data: Semple SJ, Patterson TL, Shaw WS, Pedlow CT, Grant I. Disclosure of HIV seropositivity to sexual partners: An awarding of Social Cognitive Theory. Behavior Therapy 1999; 30, 223-237.

Collective Efficacy

  • Definition: Confidence or belief in a grouping's power to perform actions to bring nearly desired alter. Collective efficacy is likewise the willingness of community members to arbitrate in guild to help others.
  • Example: A study designed to determine the relationship between neighborhood-level collective efficacy and BMI in youth examined the degree to which respondents felt their neighborhood had the following:
    • Adults that kids look upwards to.
    • People willing to help neighbors.
    • Adults who watch out that kids are rubber.
    • People in the neighborhood who share the same values.
    • A close-knit community.
    • Adults who would do something if a kid did graffiti.
    • Adults who would scold a kid if showing disrespect.
  • How to use it: Bring people together and mobilize them to activeness. Develop grouping activities that allow individuals to get to know each other better and increase confidence to accomplish the desired beliefs change.

For more information: Cohen DA, Finch BK, Bower A, Sastry N. Collective efficacy and obesity: The potential influence of social factors on health. Social Science & Medicine 2006; 62, 769-778.

Self-Regulation

  • Definition: Controlling oneself through self-monitoring, goal-setting, feedback, self-reward, self-instruction, and enlistment of social back up.
  • Example: A study designed to explain "leisure fourth dimension" physical practise among high school students measured self-regulation in 5 domains:
    • goal-setting
    • self-monitoring
    • gaining and maintaining social support
    • planning to overcome barriers
    • securing reinforcements
  • How to use it: Build in goal-setting activities throughout the intervention. Work with participants to create realistic and measurable goals. Also allow fourth dimension for reflection and evaluation most success or failure in meeting goals.

For more than information: Winters E, Petosa R, Charleton T. Using Social Cognitive Theory to explicate discretionary "Leisure-time" physical exercise amongst high schoolhouse students. Journal of Boyish Health 2003; 32:436-442.

Facilitation/Behavioral Adequacy

  • Definition: Providing tools, resources, or environmental changes that make new behaviors easier to perform.
  • Case: The Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program evaluated sixth class students' behavioral capability to resist positive images of smoking. This was more clearly defined as one'southward ability to identify, evaluate the truthfulness, and reject favorable images of smoking presented through media and adult modeling.
  • How to utilise it: Provide both knowledge-based grooming and skill-based training to intervention participants.

For more data: Langlois K, Petosa R, Hallam J. Why do effective smoking prevention programs work? Student changes in social cerebral theory constructs. Periodical of School Wellness 1999; 69(8), 326-331.

Observational Learning

  • Definition: Beliefs based on observing similar individuals or role models perform a new behavior.
  • Case: A church building-based intervention, designed to increase physical activeness and salubrious eating behaviors, ensured that the church building'due south minister participated in walking clubs. He was seen as a role model for other participants, because he grew up in the community and was now a well-known leader. His involvement with the program was key to encouraging church members to change their beliefs.
  • How to utilize it: Provide apparent role models who reflect the target population and perform the desired beliefs.

For more than information: Winett RA, Anderson ES, Whiteley JA, Wojcik JR, Rovniak LS, Graves KD, Galper DI, Winett SG. Church building-based wellness behavior programs: Using Social Cognitive Theory to formulate interventions for at-chance populations. Applied & Preventive Psychology 1999; 8:129-142.

Incentive Motivation

  • Definition: The apply and misuse of rewards and punishments to modify beliefs.
  • Case: As part of efforts to increase mammography screening rates, a number of studies/programs have offered cash prizes, small gifts, also equally coupons for nutrient in exchange for attendance at screening visits.
  • How to use it: Decide what kind of incentives would motivate participants to participate in the intervention. Offering options, as non all participants may be motivated by the aforementioned incentives

For more information: Kane RL, Johnson PE, Town RJ, Butler M. A Structured Review of the Effect of Economic Incentives on Consumers'Preventive Behavior. American Periodical of Preventive Medicine 2004; 27:4, 327-352.

Moral Disengagement

  • Definition: Means of thinking about harmful behaviors and the people who are harmed that brand infliction of suffering acceptable by disengaging self-regulatory moral standards.
  • Case: Terrorism is an example of destructive conduct which has been made personally and socially acceptable by the terrorist who portrays their actions as serving a moral purpose. This self-framing then allows the individual to human action on a moral imperative [7].
  • How to use it: Re-appoint self-regulatory moral standards past illuminating possible dehumanization and diffusion of responsibility onto others.

For more information: Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms of moral disengagement. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp. 161-191). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


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Source: https://www.med.upenn.edu/hbhe4/part3-ch8-key-constructs.shtml

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